Singer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
In music a singer, or vocalist, is a type of musician who uses his or
her voice as an instrument to make music. A lead singer is one who
sings the primary
vocals of a song as opposed to a backup
singer who sings backup vocal(s) to a song, or harmonies to the
lead singer.
In classical music and opera voices are treated just like musical
instruments. Composers write music for these instruments taking into
account the skills and vocal properties of the singer(s). Singers build
careers by specializing in certain types of music.
To help both composers and singers voice
classification systems evolved. There are many systems. Some
consider how loud a singer can sing. Some consider how fast a singer
can sing. Some include non-musical characteristics like what a
singer looks like, how well a singer acts, or how funny a singer
can be. In Germany opera houses use a complex sorting procedure, called
the fach system, that considers all these elements.
Classifying singers by range and gender is the most common method. But
even using these guidelines there are still many, many categories. The
six most common classifications are:
* Female voices:
o soprano, the
highest female voice
o mezzo-soprano,
the middle female voice
o contralto, the
lowest female voice, called alto in chorus music
* Male voices:
o tenor, the
highest male voice
o baritone, the
middle male voice
o bass, the
lowest male voice
There are many other designations including heldentenor, bass-baritone,
coloratura, and basso buffo. There are even categories for men capable
of singing in the female range. This type of voice is rare, but
still used in opera. In Baroque music many roles were written for
castratos. Castratos are male singers who were castrated as boys to
prevent their voices from changing. Today, with training, a man can
still sing these roles. This singer is called a sopranist,
countertenor, or male alto.
Singer-Songwriter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The term singer-songwriter refers to performers who both write and
sing their own material. This distinguishes them from artists
who are only singers such as Elvis Presley, Dean Martin, Aretha
Franklin, and Frank Sinatra who typically sing, or sang as the case may
be, the material of professional songwriters and of artists who are
primarily songwriters. Artists who
are primarily songwriters do not usually perform their own work.
Examples of such artists are Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers, Oscar
Hammerstein II, Cole Porter, Irving Berlin, Jerry Leiber, and Mike
Stoller. Even in many cases where the performer and writer are one and
the same, but the roles of songwriter and singer are essentially
discrete, such as a rock musician writing a ballad for his band to
play, the results are not considered singer-songwriter material.
This arrangement -- singer and songwriter as discrete artists -- was
the standard in popular music until about the 1960s. Folk
singer-songwriter Woody Guthrie did much of his work in the 1930s and
most blues singers from the 1930s-1950s such as Robert Johnson, John
Lee Hooker, and Muddy Waters performed their own work. Arguably these
performers were not yet mainstream. Meanwhile, icons in the francophone
world such as Georges Brassens, Léo Ferré, and Jacques
Brel performed their own songs in the 1940s and 1950s. Brel's work, in
particular, was widely translated into English. In the late 1960s,
however, with the rise of new forms of folk music it became more common
for artists to perform their own music and for that music to be highly
intertwined with the personality
and viewpoint of the artist. In many places around the world
distinct styles evolved in which a single person became known as much
for lyrical
ability as musical skill. Very often these movements became part
of a major roots revival and, sometimes, a political opposition.
Typically a singer-songwriter will perform solo or with understated
accompaniment, accompanying himself or herself on an instrument(often
guitar or keyboards), and be equally well-known for the songs they
write as for the way
they are performed.
Latin traditions
Beginning in the 1960s many Latin countries developed singer-songwriter
traditions that adopted elements from various popular styles. The first
such tradition was the mid-60s invention of nueva canción, which
took hold in Andean countries like Chile, Peru, Argentina, and Bolivia.
At around the same time the Brazilian popular style bossa nova
was evolving into a politically-charged singer-songwriter tradition
called Tropicalismo. Two performers, Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso,
became two of the most famous people in all of Brazil through their
work in Tropicalismo.
The European Hispanic countries of Spain and Portugal have also had
singer-songwriter traditions which are sometimes said to have drawn on
pan-Latin elements. Spain is known for the nova canço tradition;
the Portuguese fado performer and songwriter José Afonso helped
lead a revival of Portuguese folk culture, including a modernized form
of fado called nova canção. Following the 1974 revolution
nova canção became more politicized and was known as
canto livre.
In the latter part of the 1960s and into the 19-70s socially and
politically aware singer-songwriters like Silvio Rodríguez and
Pablo Milanés emerged in Cuba, birthing a genre known as nueva
trova.
In the mid-1970s a singer-songwriter tradition called canto popular
emerged in Uruguay.
United States
The first recognition of the singer-songwriter as a musical genre in
the United States occurred in the early 1970s when a series of folk and
country-influenced musicians rose to prominence and popularity.
These early singer-songwriters included Jackson Browne, Joni Mitchell,
Carly Simon, and James Taylor. People who had been primarily
songwriters, notably Carol King, also began working as performers. In
contrast to the storytelling approach of most prior country and folk
music these performers typically wrote songs from a highly personal,
often first-person, introspective point of view. The adjectives
"confessional" and "sensitive" were often used, sometimes derisively,
to describe this early singer-songwriter style.
By the late 1970s and early 1980s the original wave of
singer-songwriters had largely been absorbed into a more general pop or
soft rock format, but some new artists in the singer-songwriter
tradition, notably Lucinda Williams, continued to emerge. In some cases
rock and even punk rock artists such as Peter Case and Paul Westerberg
transitioned to careers as solo singer-songwriters.
In the late 1980s the term was re-applied to a group of female singers
and songwriters beginning with Tracy Chapman, k.d. lang, and P.J.
Harvey. By the mid-1990s the term was revived with the success of
Alanis Morissette and her breakthrough album Jagged Little Pill. It had
grown to encompass Sarah McLachlan, Sheryl Crow, Lisa Loeb, Joan
Osborne, Tori Amos, and other performers associated with the Lilith
Fair. In the 1990s artists such as Dave Matthews borrowed from the
singer-songwriter tradition to create new acoustic-based rock styles.
Singing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from Sing)
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, often
contrasted with speech. Air is expelled with the diaphragm, as with
ordinary breathing, and the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. When
the lips are closed this is called humming. A piece of music that is
sung is called a song. Someone who
sings is called a singer.
Most singing involves shaping the voice to form words, but types of
voice instrumental music which use open sounds or nonsense
syllables("vocables") also exist like scat singing or yodeling. Solfege
assigns certain syllables to notes in the scale.
Nearly anyone who can speak can sing since in many respects singing is
merely sustained speech. It can be informal and just for pleasure, for
example in the shower, or very formal such as singing done
professionally in a performance or in a recording studio.
Singing is often done in a group, such as a choir, and may be
accompanied by musical instruments, a full orchestra, or a band.
Singing with no instrumental accompaniment is usually called acappella.
Show choir is a combination of singing and dancing. Many schools and
colleges offer show choir groups for students to participate in. Not
only must participants be able to sing well and blend with a group, but
they must be able to dance at the same time. This requires endurance,
flexibility, and strong vocals, which can all be acquired through
practice.
In punk music hoarse shouting takes the place of singing while in
emo some bands scream rather than sing. vibe.com
is an important resource world wide on some of the most popular styles,
or forms, of music in modern times. In heavy metal, particularly
the sub-genres of death metal and black metal, inhumanly low growls are
favored over standard singing. These styles of singing tend to make the
lyrics unintelligible.
In our enlightened times singing is considered by many to be a learned
skill. In recent years many adults who were formerly said to be unable
to sing have acquired the ability while attending courses such as
Singing for the Tone Deaf, Can't Sing Choirs, and similar.
Music
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Music is an art, entertainment, or other human activity which involves
organized and audible sound, though definitions may vary.
What is music?
Definitions of music
Music is often defined by contrast
with noise or speech. Some definitions of music place it
explicitly within a cultural context by defining music as what people
accept as musical.
Broadly, here are some groups of definitions:
* Those that define music as an external fact; for
example "organized sound" or as a category of perception
* Those that label it according to context as a
social construction or subjective experience
* Those that seek a platonic or quasi-platonic ideal
of music which is not rooted in specifically physical or mental terms,
but in a higher truth.
The definition of music as
sound with particular characteristics is taken as a given by
psychoacoustics and is a common one in musicology and performance. In
this view there are observable patterns to what is broadly labeled
music and while understandable cultural variations exist the properties
of music are the properties of sound as
perceived and processed by people.
Traditional philosophies define music as tones
ordered horizontally(melodies) and vertically(harmonies). Music theory,
within this realm, is studied with the presupposition that music is
orderly and often pleasant to hear.
John Cage is the most famous advocate of the idea that anything can be
music saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound" Some argue
that this somewhat fascistically
imposes the definition on everything.
According to musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez(1990 p.47-8,55) "The
border between music and noise is always culturally defined which
implies that, even within a single society, this border does not always
pass through the same place; in short, there is rarely a consensus....
By all accounts there is no single and inter-cultural universal concept
defining what music might be."
In support of the view that music is a label for a totality of
different aspects which are culturally constructed often a definition
of music lists the aspects or elements
that make up music. Molino(1975: 43) argues that, in addition to
a lack of consensus", any element belonging to the total musical fact
can be isolated or taken as a strategic variable of musical
production." Nattiez gives as examples Mauricio Kagel's Con Voce(with
voice) where a masked trio silently mimes playing instruments. In this
example sound, a common element, is excluded while gesture, a less
common element, is given primacy.
The platonic ideal of music is currently the least fashionable in the
philosophy of criticism and music because it is crowded on the one hand
by the physical view(what is the meta-substance of music made of if not
sound?) and on the other hand by the constructed view of music(how can
one tell the difference between any meta-narrative of music and one
which is merely inter-subjective). However, finding unexpected
mathematical relationships in music and finding analogies between music
and physics, for example string theory, means that this view continues
to find adherents, including such critics and performers as Charles
Rosen and Edward Rothstein.
Aspects of music
The traditional or classical European aspects of music often listed are
those elements given primacy in European-influenced classical music:
melody, harmony, rhythm, tone color, and form. However, a more
comprehensive list is given by stating the aspects of sound: pitch,
timbre, intensity, and duration. These aspects combine to create
secondary aspects including structure, texture, and style. Other
commonly included aspects include the spatial location or the movement
in space of sounds, gesture, and dance. Silence is also often
considered an aspect of music if it is considered to exist.
As mentioned above, not only do the aspects included as music vary
their importance varies. For instance, melody and harmony are often
considered to be given more importance in classical music at the
expense of rhythm and timbre. John Cage considers duration(the temporal
aspect of music) the primary aspect of music as it is the only aspect
common to both "sound" and "silence".
It is often debated whether there are aspects of music which are
universal. The debate often hinges on definitions; for instance, the
fairly common assertion that "tonality" is a universal of all music may
necessarily require an expansive definition of tonality. A pulse is
sometimes taken as a universal yet there exist solo vocal and
instrumental genres with free and improvisational rhythms that lack
regular pulse. One example is the alap section of a Hindustani music
performance. According to Dane Harwood "We must ask whether a
cross-cultural musical universal is to be found in the music itself, in
either its structure or function, or the way in which music is made. By
'music-making' I intend not only actual performance but also how music
is heard, understood, and even learned."
Common terms used to discuss particular pieces include:
note
- an abstraction which refers to either a specific pitch and, or,
rhythm or the written symbol
melody
- a succession of notes heard as some sort of unit
chord
- a simultaneity of notes heard as some sort of unit
chord
progression - a succession of chords (simultaneity succession)
harmony
- the relationship between two or more pitches
counterpoint
- the simultaneity and organization of different melodies
rhythm
- the organization of the durational aspects of music
Production
The music
industry is that which creates,
performs,
and promotes
music. A great deal of music is produced by amateurs.
Performance
Someone who performs, composes, or conducts music is a musician.
Performance is a method for musicians to share music with others.
Solo and ensemble
Many cultures include strong traditions of solo or "soloistic"
performance such as in Indian classical music. Other cultures, such as
in Bali, include strong traditions of group performance. All cultures
include a mixture of both and performance may range from improvised
solo playing for one's enjoyment to highly planned and organized
performance rituals such as the modern classical concert or religious
processions. What is called chamber
music is often seen as more intimate than symphonic works. A
performer is called a musician. A group of performers is called a
musical ensemble or orchestra.
Oral tradition and notation
Music is often preserved in memory and performance only, handed down
orally, or aurally("by ear"). Such music, especially that which has no
known individual composer, is often classified as "traditional".
Different musical traditions have different attitudes towards how and
where to make changes to the original source material; some are quite
strict while others demand improvisation. If the music is written down
it is generally in some manner which attempts to capture both what
should be heard by listeners and what
the musician should do to perform the music. This is referred to
as musical
notation and the study of how to read notation involves music
theory. Written notation varies with style and period of music and
includes scores, lead sheets, and guitar tablature among the more
common notations. Generally music which is to be performed is produced
as sheet
music. To perform music from notation requires an understanding
of both the musical
style and the expected or acceptable performance practice.
Improvisation, Interpretation, Composition
Most cultures use at least part of the concept of preconceiving musical
material, or composition, as held in western classical music. Many
cultures also include the related concept of interpretation(performing
material conceived by others) and the contrasting concept of improvisation(material
which is spontaneously thought of while performed) not preconceived.
However, many cultures and people do not have this distinction at all,
but use a broader concept which incorporates both without
discrimination. Improvised music virtually always follows some rules or
conventions and even "fully composed" includes some freely chosen
material. Composition does not always mean the use of notation or the
known sole authorship of one individual.
Music can also be determined by describing a "process"
which may create musical sounds; examples of this range from
wind chimes to computer programs which select sounds. Music which
contains elements selected by chance is called Aleatoric music and is
most famously associated with John Cage and Witold Lutoslawski.
Compositions
Musical composition
is a term that describes
the makeup of a piece of music. Methods of composition vary
widely; however, in analyzing music, all forms(spontaneous, trained, or
untrained) are built from elements comprising a musical piece. Music
can be composed for repeated performance or it can be improvised(composed on the spot).
The music can be performed entirely from memory, from a written system
of musical notation, or some combination of both. Study of composition
has traditionally been dominated by examination of methods and practice
of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad
enough to include spontaneously improvised works like those of free
jazz performers and African drummers. What is important in
understanding the composition of a piece is singling out its elements.
An understanding of music's formal elements can be helpful in
deciphering exactly how a piece is made. A universal
element of music is time or more generally rhythm. When a piece
appears to have no time it is considered rubato. The Italian term,
meaning "free time," does not mean "without rhythm," but rather that
the tempo or time of the piece changes
dynamically. Even random placement of random sounds, often
occurring in musical montage, occurs within some kind of time and thus
employs time as a musical element. Any musical event comprised of
elements can be considered a "composition."
Reception and audition
The field of music cognition involves the study of many aspects of
music including how it is processed by listeners.
Music is experienced by individuals in a huge variety of social
settings ranging from being alone to attending a large
concert. Concerts take many different forms and may include
people dressing in formal wear and sitting quietly in the rows of
auditoriums, drinking and dancing in a bar, or loudly cheering and
booing in an auditorium.
Deaf people can experience music by feeling the
vibrations in their body. The most famous example of a deaf
musician is the composer Ludwig van Beethoven, who composed many famous works even after he had completely lost his hearing.
In more modern times Evelyn Glennie, who has been deaf since the age of
twelve, is a highly acclaimed percussionist. Also, Chris Buck, a New
Zealand violinist virtuoso, has recently lost his hearing.
Media
The music that composers make can be heard through several media. The
most traditional way is to hear it live, in the presence of, or as one
of, the musicians. Live music can also be broadcast
over the radio or television. Some musical styles focus on
producing a sound for a performance while others focus on producing a
recording which mixes together sounds
which were never played "live". Recording, even of styles which
are essentially live, often uses the ability to
edit and splice to produce recordings which are considered
"better" than the actual performance.
In many cultures there is less distinction between performing and
listening to music as virtually
everyone is involved in some sort of musical activity. In
industrialized countries listening
to music through a recorded form, such as sound recording or
watching a music video, became more
common than experiencing live performance roughly in the middle
of the 20th century. Sometimes live
performances incorporate prerecorded sounds; for example, a DJ
uses disc records for "scratching".
Audiences can also become performers by using Karaoke,
invented by the Japanese, which uses music video and tracks without
voice so the performer can add his voice to the piece.
Training
Many people, including entire cultures, compose, perform, and improvise
music with no training and feel no need for training. Other cultures
have traditions of rigorous formal training that may take years and
serious dedication. Sometimes this training takes the form of
apprenticeship. For example, Indian training traditionally takes more
years than a college education and involves spiritual discipline and
reverence for one's guru or teacher. In Bali everyone learns and
practices together. It is also common for people to take music
lessons(short private study sessions with an individual teacher),
usually for a fee, when they want to learn to play or compose music. A
famous private composition teacher is Nadia Boulanger.
Secondary education
The incorporation of music performance and theory into a general liberal arts curriculum,
from preschool to postsecondary education, is relatively common.
Western style secondary schooling is increasingly common around the
world, such as STSI in Bali. Meanwhile, western schools are
increasingly including the study of the music of other cultures.
Study
Many people also study music in the field of musicology. The
earliest definitions of musicology defined three sub-disciplines:
systematic musicology, historical musicology, and comparative
musicology. In contemporary scholarship one is more likely to encounter
a division of the discipline into music theory, music history, and
ethnomusicology. Research in musicology has often been enriched by
cross-disciplinary work, for example in the field of psychoacoustics.
The study of music of non-western cultures, and the cultural study of
music, is called ethnomusicology.
In Medieval times the study of music was one of the Quadrivium of the
seven Liberal Arts and considered vital to higher learning. Within the
quantitative Quadrivium music, or more accurately harmonics, was the
study of rational proportions.
Zoomusicology
is the study of the music of non-human animals or the musical
aspects of sounds produced by them. As George Herzog(1941) asked, "do
animals have music?" François-Bernard Mâche's Musique,
mythe, nature, ou les Dauphins d'Arion (1983), a study of
"ornitho-musicology" using a technique of Ruwet's Language, musique,
poésie (1972) paradigmatic segmentation analysis, shows that
bird songs are organized according to a repetition-transformation
principle. In the opinion of Jean-Jacques Nattiez (1990), "in the last
analysis, it is a human being who decides what is and is not musical,
even when the sound is not of human origin. If we acknowledge that
sound is not organized and conceptualized(that is, made to form music)
merely by its producer, but by the mind that perceives it, then music
is uniquely human."
Music
theory is the study of music,
generally in a highly technical manner outside of other disciplines.
More broadly it refers to any study of music, usually related in some
form with compositional concerns, and may include physics, mathematics,
and anthropology. What is most commonly taught in beginning music
theory classes are guidelines to
write in the style of the common practice period, or tonal
music. Theory, even that which studies music of the common practice
period, may take many other forms. Musical set theory is
the application of mathematical set theory to music, first applied to
atonal music. Speculative music
theory, contrasted with analytic music theory, is devoted to the
analysis and synthesis of music materials, for example tuning systems,
generally as preparation for composition.
History
The history of music in relation to human beings predates the written
word and is tied to the development and unique expression of various
human cultures. Popular styles of music varied widely from culture to
culture and from period to period. Certain cultures emphasized
different instruments or techniques. Music history itself is the
distinct subfield of musicology and history, which studies the history
of music theory.
Genres
As there are many definitions for music there are many divisions and
groupings of music, many of which are caught up in the argument over
the definition of music. Among the larger genres are classical music,
popular music(commercial music-including rock and roll), country music,
and folk music.
There is often disagreement
over what constitutes "real" music. Mozart, Stravinsky,
serialism, Jazz, hip hop, punk rock, and electronica have all been
considered non-music at various times and places.
The term world
music has been applied to a wide range of music made outside of Europe and
European influence. Oddly enough its initial application, in the
context of the World Music Program at Wesleyan University, was as a
term including all possible music genres, including European traditions.
In academic circles the original term for the study of world music,
"comparative musicology", was replaced
in the middle of the twentieth century by "ethnomusicology",
which is still an unsatisfactory coinage.
Genres of music are as often determined by tradition and presentation
as by the actual music. While most classical music is acoustic and
meant to be performed by individuals or groups many works described as
"classical" include samples or tape or are mechanical. Some works, like
Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue, are claimed
by both jazz and classical music.
As world cultures have been in greater contact their indigenous musical styles have often
merged into new styles. For example, the U.S.-American bluegrass
style contains elements from Anglo-Irish, Scottish, Irish, German, and
some African-American instrumental and vocal traditions, and could only
have been a product of the 20th Century.
Many current music
festivals celebrate a particular musical genre.
Online
Music Store
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
An online music store is an Internet service that sells audio
on a per-song and/or subscription basis. The market for these
services grew widespread around the time of Napster, a music and file
sharing service created by Shawn Fanning that made a major impact on
the Internet scene during the year 2000. Some services have tethered
downloads, meaning that playing songs requires an active membership.
In 2000 Sony became the first company to make music from one of the
major labels available for sale on the Net. The big record companies
were apprehensive to license their catalogs to outside companies and
refused the late 90's requests of MP3.com and Emusic(then called
Goodnoise) to sell digital song downloads. They eventually decided to
start their own services, which they could control directly.
Sony's service turned out to be an ill-conceived affair. Not only was
the service difficult for consumers to navigate and use, Sony's
expensive pricing of US$3.50 per song track turned off many early
adopters of the service. Furthermore, as MP3 Newswire pointed out in
its review of the service, users were actually only renting the tracks
for that $3.50. After a certain point the files expired and could not
be played again without repurchase. The service quickly failed.
Undaunted, the record industry tried again. Universal Music Group and
Sony teamed up with a service called Duet, later renamed PressPlay.
EMI, AOL/Time Warner, and BMG teamed up with MusicNet. Again, both
services struggled, hampered by high prices and heavy limitations on
how downloaded files could be used once paid for. In the end consumers
chose instead to flock to the free file sharing programs, which were
far more convenient to use and free to boot.
Non-label services like Emusic and Listen.com(now Rhapsody.com) sold
the music of independent artists to keep in the game, but it wasn't
until Apple Computer introduced iTunes in 2003 that sales of digital
downloads took off.
Compared to file swapping
Much controversy surrounds this issue, so many or perhaps all of these
points are disputed.
Advantages
* More respectful to copyright law as interpreted by
groups like the RIAA.
o Decreases
chances of legal disadvantages.
o Avoids some
social stigmas and moral regrets that some people have.
o Arguably
promotes creation of music.
* More consistent and higher quality meta-data,
because the entering of the meta-data is more centralized and done by
groups with financial interests.
* Companies sometimes feel more accountable.
* Higher audio quality for similar reasons as
meta-data.
Disadvantages
* Decreased selection, because of more attention
paid to copyright concerns.
* Increased price.
o Some file
swapping advocates claim that music stores charge an infinite number of
times more because of division by zero complications.
o Notably, Apple
Computer CEO Steve Jobs claimed in his introduction of the iTunes Music
Store that file swappers get paid less than minimum wage for the work
required to download audio.
* Digital Rights Management sometimes irritates
consumers. The restrictions vary with the service sometimes within
songs of a service.
* Doesn't support record labels. Criticisms of
record labels include overpricing, monopolies, and lack of support for
artists.
On
line
Music Stores are becoming wildly popular. |
| |